Dean and Stark Apparatus : Standards : ASTM D 95,D244, Specification: Used to determine the water in petroleum products or bituminous materials by distilling them with volatile solvent. The equipment comprises electric heater with thermostat regulator, glass still, support stand, condenser, receiving trap.
Dean & Stark Apparatus with 5ml Burette , 250ml Flask & Condenser – MAS 1826-5
Dean & Stark Apparatus with 10ml Burette , 500ml Flask & Condenser – MAS 1826-10
Dean Stark Apparatus with 25ml Burette , 500ml Flask & Condenser – MAS 1826-25
Dean & Stark Apparatus with 50ml Burette , 1L Flask & Condenser – MAS 1826-50
Dean & Stark Apparatus with 100ml Burette , 1L Flask & Condenser – MAS 1826-100
Two types of Dean–Stark traps exist – one for use with solvents with a density less than that of water and another for use with solvents with a density greater than that of water.
The Dean–Stark apparatus typically consists of a vertical cylindrical glass tube, often with a volumetric graduation along its full length and a precision Stopcock at its lower end, very much like a burette. The lower end of a reflux condenser fits into the top of the cylinder. Immediately below the joint between the condenser and the cylinder is a sloping side-arm that joins the cylinder to a reaction flask. The lower end the side-arm turns sharply downward, so that the side-arm is connected to the reaction flask by a vertical tube.
The reaction flask is heated. Boiling Chips within it assist with the calm formation of bubbles of vapor containing the reaction solvent and the component to be removed. This vapor travels out of reaction flask up into the condenser where water being circulated around it causes it to cool and drip into the distilling trap. Here, the immiscible liquids separate into layers (water below and solvent above it). When their combined volume reaches the level of the side-arm, the upper, less-dense layer will begin to flow back to the reactor while the water layer will remain in the trap. The trap will eventually reach capacity when the level of the water in it reaches the level of the side-arm. At this point, the trap must be drained into the receiving flask. The process of evaporation, condensation and collection may be continued until it ceases to produce additional amounts of water.
More rarely encountered is the model for solvents with a density greater than water. This type has a tube at the bottom of the collection vessel to allow the organic solvent at the bottom to flow back into the reaction vessel. The water generated during the reaction floats on top of the organic phase.
This piece of equipment is usually used in azeotropic Distillations. A common example is the removal of water generated during a reaction in boiling toluene. An azeotropic mixture of toluene and water distills out of the reaction, but only the toluene (density 0.865 g/ml) returns, since it floats on top of the water (density 0.998 g/ml), which collects in the trap. The Dean–Stark method is commonly used to measure moisture content of items such as bread in the food industry.
This equipment can be used in cases other than simple removal of water. One example is the esterification of butanol with acetic acid catalyzed by sulfuric acid. The vapor contains 63% ester, 29% water and 8% alcohol at reflux temperature and the organic layer in the trap contains 86% ester, 11% alcohol and 3% water which is reintroduced. The water layer is 97% pure.
Another example is the esterification of benzoic acid and n-butanol where the ester product is trapped and the butanol, immiscible with the water, flows back into the reactor. Removing water in the course of these esterification’s shifts the chemical equilibrium in favor of ester formation, in accordance with Le Chatelier’s principle.
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